パーム油を緑色前駆体として使用したマイクロ波による磁性ナノカーボンの合成

Several investigators have demonstrated that high-quality nanocarbon can be obtained using crude palm oil palm33,34. Palm oil, scientifically known as Elais Guneensis, is recognized as one of the essential edible oils contributing around 76.55 million metric tonnes of production in 2021 (2021)." href="/articles/s41598-022-21982-y#ref-CR35" id="ref-link-section-d60481398e540"35. The crude palm oil or CPO contained a balanced ratio of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA). Most of the hydrocarbon in the CPO is a triglyceride, a glycerol ester consisting of three triglyceride acetous contents and one glycerol content36. These hydrocarbons could be summed up into huge carbon content, becoming a potential green precursor in producing nanocarbon37. Based on the literature, CNTs37,38,39,40, carbon nanospheres33,41, and graphene34,42,43 are commonly synthesized using crude palm oil or cooking grade oil. These nanocarbons have great potential in various applications, from power generation to purification or remediation of water pollution./p> MNC10 > MNC20. The magnetic parameters obtained are tabulated in Table 2./p>

The proposed mechanism of MNC formation is shown in Supplementary Fig. 7. The long carbon chain of CPO and the ferrocene starts to crack at high temperatures. The oil decomposed, forming cracked hydrocarbons that become the precursors of carbon nuclei, referred to as some small spheres inside the FESEM images in MNC1070. Due to the energy surrounding and pressure at atmospheric conditions3.0.CO;2-J " href="/articles/s41598-022-21982-y#ref-CR71" id="ref-link-section-d60481398e1534"71. Meanwhile, the ferrocene also exhibits cracking, forming catalysts for the carbon atoms deposited on the Fe. Then, fast nucleation occurs, and the carbon nuclei oxidize, forming amorphous and graphitic carbon layers on top of the nuclei. As time increases, the sizes of the spheres become more precise and more uniform. Simultaneously, the existing Van der Waals forces also lead to the agglomerated collection of spheres52. As the Fe ions are reduced into Fe3O4 and ɣ-Fe2O3 as identified in XRD analysis, different types of iron oxide form onto the nanocarbon's surface, forming magnetic nanocarbons. The EDS mapping shows that the Fe atoms are distributed firmly on the surface of the MNC, as seen in Supplementary Fig. 5a–c./p> MNC15 > MNC10; with average values of 10.36 mg/g, 6.85 mg/g, and 0.71 mg/g; and average values of MB removal of 87.79%, 62.26%, and 5.75%, respectively. Therefore, by considering adsorptive capacity and the UV–Vis spectra, MNC20 shows the best adsorption properties among the synthesized magnetic nanocarbons. Although the adsorption capacity is lower compared to other magnetic nanocarbon such as magnetic MWCNT composite (11.86 mg/g) and halloysite nanotube-Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticle (18.44 mg/g), this study does not require additional usage of harsh chemicals as the catalyst, provide clean and feasible synthesis method73,74./p> 0.90) to the Langmuir model, indicating that the adsorption behaviour was better discussed and described by the Freundlich isotherm. Hence, it verified that the existing system is heterogeneous. These situations are related to the presents of different chemical and structural properties on the surfaces of carbon spheres. The heterogeneity factor, or nF, can be used to indicate whether the adsorption is favourable to linear (nF = 1), chemical process (nF < 1), or whether the physical process (nF < 1)78. Meanwhile, 1/nF < 1 indicates normal adsorption, and 1/nF > 1 indicates cooperative adsorption79. Generally, the MNC shows nF > 1 and 1/nF, which summarized that the adsorption of MB is favourable for the physical process and normal adsorption78,80./p> MNC15 > MNC10, indicating the interactions between MNC20 and Methylene Blue were the highest, while MNC10 and Methylene Blue were the lowest. But due to the negative values from the Langmuir parameter, qmax and low value of RL shows that the Langmuir isotherm model does not favorably describe the adsorption of the MNC produced. All isotherm parameters for both isotherms are presented in Table 3, having the R2 values of the Freundlich isotherm greater than those from the Langmuir model for all MNCs. Thus, it defines that the Freundlich isotherm is suitable for describing the adsorption equilibrium of MB onto MNC./p>

(2021)./p>

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